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Understanding The Causes and Symptoms of IVDP

Writer's picture: Abhilasha SahAbhilasha Sah

Intervertebral Disc Prolapse (IVDP), commonly known as a slipped or herniated disc, is a condition where the soft, gel-like material inside a spinal disc pushes out through a tear in its outer layer. This can irritate nearby nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness. The discs in the spine serve as cushions between the vertebrae, absorbing shocks and enabling flexibility. IVDP can affect anyone but is most common in adults aged 30–50.

What Causes IVDP?

  1. Age-Related Degeneration:

    As we age, the spinal discs naturally lose water content, becoming less flexible and more prone to cracks or tears. This degeneration, called disc desiccation, is a major contributor to IVDP.

  2. Physical Strain or Overuse:

    Repeated heavy lifting, sudden twisting movements, or excessive physical activity can strain the discs, leading to wear and tear over time. Occupations requiring repetitive bending or lifting are particularly high risk.

  3. Trauma or Injury:

    Sudden impacts, such as those from a fall, car accident, or sports injury, can cause the disc to rupture. Even minor injuries, when combined with weakened discs, can trigger a prolapse.

  4. Poor Posture and Sedentary Lifestyle:

    Sitting for long hours, especially in non-ergonomic positions, puts additional stress on the lower back. Over time, this strain weakens the discs, making them more susceptible to injury.

  5. Obesity:

    Excess body weight increases the pressure on the spine, particularly in the lower back, accelerating disc degeneration and increasing the risk of prolapse.

  6. Genetics:

    A family history of IVDP or other spinal conditions may predispose individuals to disc-related problems, even without significant external triggers.

  7. Smoking:

    Smoking reduces the oxygen supply to the discs, impairing their ability to repair and maintain themselves. This accelerates degeneration and increases the likelihood of a herniated disc.


Symptoms of IVDP

The symptoms of IVDP depend on the severity and location of the prolapse. Some people experience mild discomfort, while others may suffer from debilitating pain.

  1. Localized Pain:

    • In cases where the prolapse is in the cervical (neck) spine, pain may be felt in the neck or shoulders.

    • If the prolapse occurs in the lumbar (lower back) spine, it often causes lower back pain.

  2. Radiating Pain (Nerve Pain):

    • IVDP can press on nearby nerves, causing sharp, shooting pain along the nerve's pathway.

    • For example, a lumbar prolapse often compresses the sciatic nerve, causing pain to radiate down the buttocks and legs—a condition known as sciatica.

  3. Numbness or Tingling:

    • A prolapsed disc can disrupt nerve signals, resulting in a "pins and needles" sensation in the arms, hands, legs, or feet, depending on the affected nerve.

  4. Muscle Weakness:

    • Compression of spinal nerves can weaken the muscles they control, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks, such as lifting objects or walking.

  5. Loss of Reflexes:

    • Some individuals may notice delayed or diminished reflexes in certain areas, particularly in the legs.

  6. Bladder or Bowel Issues (Rare):

    • In severe cases where the spinal cord or a cluster of nerves is compressed (cauda equina syndrome), individuals may experience difficulty controlling bladder or bowel movements. This requires urgent medical attention.


Understanding the causes and symptoms of IVDP is crucial for early detection and effective management. Whether it's due to aging, lifestyle factors, or physical strain, being aware of the risks can help in preventing this condition or minimizing its impact. If you experience any symptoms of IVDP, consult a healthcare professional promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment.


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